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Open System Interconnection - перевод на русский
![[[Fiddleford Manor]] in Dorset, England, a manor house built about 1370. The part of the house in the background was added in the 16th century.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fiddleford Manor House (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1290574.jpg?width=200 "[[Fiddleford Manor]] in Dorset, England, a manor house built about 1370. The part of the house in the background was added in the 16th century.")
![The method of ploughing the fields created a distinctive [[ridge and furrow]] pattern in open-field agriculture. The outlines of the medieval strips of cultivation, called selions, are still clearly visible in these now enclosed fields.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Medieval Ridge and Furrow above Wood Stanway - geograph.org.uk - 640050.jpg?width=200 "The method of ploughing the fields created a distinctive [[ridge and furrow]] pattern in open-field agriculture. The outlines of the medieval strips of cultivation, called selions, are still clearly visible in these now enclosed fields.")
![mouldboard plough]] to cut through the heavy soils. A team could plough about one acre (0.4 ha) per day.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Medievalplowingwoodcut.jpg?width=200 "mouldboard plough]] to cut through the heavy soils. A team could plough about one acre (0.4 ha) per day.")
![Strip field at [[Forrabury]], Cornwall<ref>Whilst the stitches (strips) to the west of track across the open field were arable at the time of this visit (early May 2009), on the east side they are covered in grass. This illustrates the system whereby the stitches were cultivated by their owners during the Summer, but grazed in common during the winter. This grazing adds manure to the soil to keep it fertile.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Strip field at Forraby - geograph.org.uk - 1324926.jpg?width=200 "Strip field at [[Forrabury]], Cornwall<ref>Whilst the stitches (strips) to the west of track across the open field were arable at the time of this visit (early May 2009), on the east side they are covered in grass. This illustrates the system whereby the stitches were cultivated by their owners during the Summer, but grazed in common during the winter. This grazing adds manure to the soil to keep it fertile.</ref>")
общая лексика
система неогороженных участков, превращаемых после снятия урожая в общий выгон
Википедия
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that 'provides a common basis for the coordination of [ISO] standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection'. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
The model partitions the flow of data in a communication system into seven abstraction layers to describe networked communication from the physical implementation of transmitting bits across a communications medium to the highest-level representation of data of a distributed application. Each intermediate layer serves a class of functionality to the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. Classes of functionality are realized in all software development through all and any standardized communication protocols.
Each layer in the OSI model has its own well-defined functions, and the functions of each layer communicate and interact with the layers immediately above and below it, unless the layer does not have layers below or above.
The Internet protocol suite has a separate model, the layers of which are mentioned in RFC 1122 and RFC 1123. That model combines the physical and data link layers of the OSI model into a single link layer, and has a single application layer for all protocols above the transport layer, as opposed to the separate application, presentation and session layers of the OSI model.
In comparison, several networking models have sought to create an intellectual framework for clarifying networking concepts and activities, but none have been as successful as the OSI reference model in becoming the standard model for discussing, teaching, and learning for the networking procedures in the field of information technology. Additionally, the model allows transparent communication through equivalent exchange of protocol data units (PDUs) between two parties, through what is known as peer-to-peer networking (also known as peer-to-peer communication). As a result, the OSI reference model has not only become an important piece among professionals and non-professionals alike, but also in all networking between one or many parties, due in large part to its commonly accepted user-friendly framework.
